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🎶𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐧𝐠
A song is a musical composition intended to be performed by the human voice.
This is often done at distinct and fixed pitches (melodies) using patterns of sound and silence. Songs contain various forms, such as those including the repetition and variation of sections.
A songwriter
is a musician who professionally composes musical compositions and writes lyrics for songs. A songwriter can also be called a composer
🎶𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐒𝐨𝐧𝐠
The structure of a song refers to the way a songwriter arranges their composition. They use a combination of different sections, varying them depending on what works best.
A typical commercial song usually has a duration of 3–4 minutes, and the different sections fill up this space.
The basic song structure generally includes:
- Intro
This is the first part of any song, and it sets the listener’s expectations by establishing important elements like the tempo, key, rhythm, and even the “feel” of the song. Usually, the intro is made up of the same chord pattern as the chorus or verse, but without any lyrics sung over it.
Sometimes, the intro of a song may not be in the same chord pattern, nor sound in any way similar to the melody of the rest of the song. This is OK, since the goal of the intro is to stir up the listener’s interest.
Example: Marvin Gaye’s “What’s Going On,” which features background noise from a party in the intro
- Verse
The verse is what establishes the theme of the song, or tells the story. A song usually has at least two verses; the verses can have the same melody, but different lyrics. However, if you want some variation, you can also change the melody up a bit for the verses.
Example: The first verse of Bob Dylan’s “Blowin’ In the Wind” starts with the line, “How many roads must a man walk down before you can call him a man?”
- Pre-chorus
Not all songs have a pre-chorus, but for those that do, this part serves as the build-up towards the actual chorus. It is often much shorter than the verse and chorus.
Example: In John Lennon’s “Imagine,” the line “Imagine all the people, living for today” serves as a pre-chorus.
- Chorus
The chorus is usually the most “singable” and memorable part of a song, hence the name “chorus,” which means people who sing together. It’s also been referred to as the refrain.
The chorus serves as the climax of the song, and often contains the song’s title. Some people like to call it the “hook,” but this term may not be fully accurate: the hook is what draws listeners in to keep listening to your song, and although it most often occurs in the chorus, sometimes it also appears in the opening verse.
Example: Carly Rae Jepsen’s “Call Me Maybe,” whose chorus starts with “Hey, I just met you…”
- Bridge
The bridge is the part of the song that helps break the monotony and repetition of the verse and chorus. It usually has a different “feel” and chord pattern from the verse and chorus, and provides a different dynamic: it can be faster or slower than the rest of the song, offering a much-needed variation.
The bridge usually occurs only once, and toward the last part of a song.
Example: “Good Vibrations” by the Beach Boys, starting from “Gotta keep those good vibrations”
- Outro
The outro is the end of the song, and it signals to your listeners that the song is coming to its end. Typically, you can do this by slowing down the tempo of the instrumentals. Other times, the outro can be a repetition of the chorus while slowly fading out.
Example: “Hotel California” by The Eagles
🎶𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from ordinary language use in order to produce a rhetorical effect.
🎶𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡
There are 12 types of figure of speech:
- Simile
- Metaphor
- Synecdoche
- Metonymy
- Symbol
- Allegory
- Hyperbole
- Apostrophe
- Understatement
- Paradox
- Irony
🎶𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐬
Figurative languages are words and expressions used in poems and songs to convey various meanings and interpretations from the literal meaning.
Figurative devices play major while writing. Appropriate use of figurative devices can enhance the work and create a deep level of meaning that a listener can enjoy while decoding.
It is effective to communicate an idea that is not easy to understand because of its abstract nature or complexity. Songwriters use figurative language to stimulate emotion, help listeners to form mental images.
One of the main reasons for using these devices is to make a connection with the listeners so that they can sink deep into the sea of the writer’s thoughts.
🎶𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡
1. Simile
Simile is a figure of speech that compare one thing to another, but in simile the comparison is explicit, indicated by the adding or using the words of comparison such as like , as , resemble , etc.
Here are some examples :
a) My love is like a red, red rose.
b) There is no frigate like a book
2. Metaphor
Wren and Martin (1981:489) states metaphor is an implied simile. It’s not , like the simile ,that state one thing is like another or acts as another , but takes that for granted and proceeds as if the two things were one.
b) Here are some examples :
a. The road was a ribbon of moonlight
b. The ship plows through the waves
3. Personification
Siswantoro (2002 :29) defines personification is depictions of inanimate
objects or object either visible or abstract treated as if it were a human.
Here are some examples :
a. The old train crept along the narrow path
b. Love comes to my heart
4. Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a figure of speech that mentions part of a thing tosignify the
whole thing or users the whole to signify the part.
Here are some examples :
a. I did not see your nose at the party last night
b. A hundred wings flashed by
5. Metonymy
A figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to the thing actually meant. The substitution makes the analogy more vivid and meaningful.
Here are some Examples:
a. My sister always drink Aqua(Aqua means water).
b.He has Marlboro in his bag (Malboro means cigarette).
6. Symbol
The words of symbol mean merely what they are and something else that are represented by the words.
It means that a symbol uses a word or phrase which is familiar in society and has one meaning.
Here are some Examples:
a. A dove stands for Peace
b. Red, symbol of braveness.
7. Allegory
A poem in the form of a narrative or story that has a second meaning beneath the surface one. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre.
Here are some Examples:
a. The story of deer and crocodile.
b. The relationship between cat and mouse
8. Hyperbole
A Hyperbole is a figure of speech that is a grossly exaggerated description or statement. In literature , such exaggeration is used for emphasis or vivid description.
Here are some Examples :
a. I will die if I did not pass the exam.
b. The world ended the day my parents died
9. Apostrophe
A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is
addressed as if it were alive and present and often begins with the exclamation “O’’ or’’oh’’.
Here are some Examples :
a. “Ostar”
b. “Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are?”
10. Understatement
Understatement is the representation of something as significantly less than it actually is. In other definition understatement is the presentation of a thing with under emphasis in order to achieve a greater effect.
Here are some Examples:
a. That was some sprinkle
b. Anything more than the truth would have seemed too weak
11. Paradox
Paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true .
Here are some Example:
a. He who loses his life for my sake will save it.
b. One day is sometimes better than a whole year
12. Irony
Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words.
Here are some Examples :
a. My grave is like to be my wedding bed
b. You are a smart student who always absent
Every night in my dreams
I see you, I feel you…
Love can touch us one time
And last for a lifetime…
Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on
The above lines use hyperbole in the line ‘near far, wherever you are…’. The songwriter exaggerates the way to illustrate the main character’s presence to the listeners. At the beginning of the song ‘Every night in my dream I see you I feel you’, the writer uses imageryto create a visual impact of the singer’s dream and her beloved. ‘Love’ is personified in the lines ‘love can touch us one time’.
Move Like Jagger – Ben Minadeo
Just shoot for the stars if it feels right
And aim for my heart if you feel like it…
Kiss me ’til you’re drunk and I’ll show you all the moves like Jagger
I’ve got the moves like Jagger
In the above lines, the singer uses the simile in ‘I’ve got the moves like Jagger’. Here the singer is comparing his dancing skills with Mick Jagger’s because Mick Jagger is known for a unique dancing style. There is also consonance and assonance in ‘Ay Ay Ay Aaay’ and “Oh yeah oh”, with the sounds of /a/ and /y/. The hyperbole is used in the line, ‘Kiss me till your drunk’, which is an exaggeration. People get drunk from drinking too much alcohol.
Let It Go – Idina Menzel
The snow glows white on the mountain tonight
Not a footprint to be seen…
The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside
Couldn’t keep it in, heaven knows I’ve tried…
Let it go, let it go
Can’t hold it back anymore.
At the beginning of the song, the singer has used hyperbole. For example, ‘The snow glows white on the mountain tonight’. In reality, snow doesn’t glow. We can see the personification and simile in the following lines ‘The wind is howling like the swirling storm inside’. Here the wind is personified and it is compared by a wolf’s howl.
Skyscraper – Demi Lovato
Skies are crying, I am watching
Catching teardrops in my hands…You can break everything I am
Like I’m made of glass
Like I’m made of paper
The entire song is an extended metaphor of struggle and overcoming. Here the singer has used oxymoronin the line ‘its long way down, but I am closer to the clouds up, here’. The writer has used two opposites ‘up and down’ in the same verse. In the lines, ‘Skies are crying’, skies are personified. In the verse ‘you can break everything I am, like I’m made of glass’, has a simile. Here the singer is comparing herself to glass and a piece of paper to show her vulnerability.
Big Girls Don’t Cry – Fergie
I hope you know, I hope you know
That this has nothing to do with you
It’s personal, myself and I
We got some straightening out to do
And I’m gonna miss you like a child misses their blanket
But I’ve got to get a move on with my life
It’s time to be a big girl now
And big girls don’t cry
Don’t cry, don’t cry, don’t cry
In the above line, the singer compares her emotions and missing a person to a little child who lost his or her blanket. There is a consonance, the sound of /l/ in the 3rd line, ‘It’s personal, myself and I’. The repetitions like ‘hope you know and don’t cry’ add an emphasis to the singer’s emotions as she tries to convey the message to her love.
Fire Work – Katy Perry
Do you ever feel like a plastic bag…
Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin
Like a house of cards..Come on let your colors burst…
You’re original, cannot be replaced
If you only knew what the future holds
The song is filled with many figurative devices and known as one of the best to learn them. In the first line, ‘Do you ever feel like a plastic bag’, there is a simile. Here the singer compares a person to a plastic bag which used to store things or perhaps a garbage cover. Later in line, there is a metaphor, ‘Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin’. Here the singer is trying to compare the weak-minded persons to a thin paper or a tissue paper. There’s another simile, in line ‘just own the night, like the fourth of July’. In the line, “Come on let your colors burst”, the sound of /r/ is a consonance.
Chandelier – Sia Furler
Phone’s blowin’ up, they’re ringin’ my doorbell…
And I’m holding on for dear life,
won’t look down won’t open my eyes
Keep my glass full until morning light,
’cause I’m just holding on for tonight
Help…
‘Phone is blowing up’ is hyperbole, as the doorbell sounds do not affect the phone. ‘But I’m holding on for dear life’, is also another hyperbole because she is not actually going to die from the doorbell sound. The sounds of /n/ in the first line and the sound of /l/ in the 4th line are consonance. The sound of /o/ in the first line is assonance.
Fly Me To The Moon – Frank Sinatra
Fly me to the moon
Let me play among the stars
Let me see what spring is like on
A-Jupiter and Mars…
You are all I long for, all I worship and adore
In the first three lines, the singer uses hyperbole. He exaggerates the facts and wishes to fly to the moon and play in the stars. He also believes there are seasons like spring on the planets Jupiter and Mars. Lines 3 and 4 are also imageries.
Grenade – Bruno Mars
Easy come, easy go, that’s just how you live, oh
Take, take, take it all, but you never give
Shoulda known you was trouble from the first kiss
Had your eyes wide open; why were they open? (Ooh)Gave you all I had and you tossed it in the trash
You tossed it in the trash, you did
To give me all your love is all I ever ask
‘Cause what you don’t understand is
The 2nd and 4th lines have alliteration. The sounds of /t/ in ‘Take, take, take it all, but you never give’ and the sound of /w/ in ‘Had your eyes wide open; why were they open?’ Line 1, ‘Easy come, easy go’ is an idiom to tell about a person who doesn’t take the relationship seriously. In the 5th line, ‘Gave you all I had’ is hyperbole as no person can give ‘all’ their possessions to someone even if they are close.
i am a rock- Simon & Garfunkel
A winter’s day
In a deep and dark
December…It’s sleeping in my memory
I won’t disturb the slumber of feelings that have died…
I am a rock
I am an island…And a rock feels no pain
And an island never cries.
The phrases ‘ I am a rock’, I am an island’ are metaphors and it used as a comparison for personalities. In the lines ‘ love is sleeping’, feelings ‘ die’ and ‘ a rock feels no pain and the island never cries’ are used as personification. The imagery used in the following phrases, ‘freshly fallen silent shroud of snow’, ‘a fortress steep and mighty’ and ‘ past experiences spurred this commitment’. Also the repetition of /d/ sound is alliteration in ‘dark and deep December’. Anaphora is evident in ‘I am a rock, I am an island’. Here ‘I am’ is repeated to emphasize the speaker’s emotional experience and his solitude.
Here’s the result of my exam for chapter 9
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